Delta Mean Preprocessor¶

The delta mean preprocessor function shifts the input signal by the mean of the signal. The is defined as:

\[ x_{shifted_{i}} = x_{i} - \mu_{x}, \quad \forall i \in \{1, \dots, N\} \]

For shifting signals by a custom \(\delta\), see the delta preprocessor function. For more on how we compute the mean of a signal, check out mean function.

Preprocess the signal x by shifting each element of x by the mean of x.

Parameters:

Name	Type	Description	Default
`x`	`ndarray`	The array to compute the difference from its mean.	required
`where`	`Callable[[Union[int, float, int_, float_]], Union[bool, bool_]]`	A function that takes a value and returns `True` or `False`. Default is `lambda x: not np.isnan(x)` i.e. a measurement is valid if it is not a `NaN` value.	`lambda : not numpy.isnan(x)`

Returns:

Type	Description
`ndarray`	The shifted signal.

Examples¶

Transform Signal¶

We sample from a normal distribution with mean \(\mu = 10\) and standard deviation \(\sigma = 1\). We then apply the delta mean preprocessor function to shift the distribution to be centered at zero.

A 1D normal distribution centered at \(\mu\) with standard deviation \(\sigma\) is defined as:

\[ f(x; \mu, \sigma) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} e^{-\frac{(x - \mu)^{2}}{2 \sigma^{2}}} \]

import numpy as np
import autonfeat.preprocess.functional as PF

# Parameters for the normal distribution
mu = 50      # Mean
sigma = 1   # Standard deviation
n_samples = 10000

# Generate random samples from the normal distribution
samples = np.random.normal(mu, sigma, n_samples)

# Preprocess signal
transformed_samples = PF.delta_mean_tf(samples)

Visualize Transform¶

We can observe a shift in the distribution of the signal after applying the delta mean preprocessor function. The distribution is shifted to be centered at zero.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Compute the range and pdf for plotting
x = np.linspace(mu - 4 * sigma, mu + 4 * sigma, n_samples)
pdf = 1 / (sigma * np.sqrt(2 * np.pi)) * np.exp(-(x - mu)**2 / (2 * sigma**2))

# Compute the expected range and pdf for plotting
x_shifted = x - mu
transformed_pdf = 1 / (sigma * np.sqrt(2 * np.pi)) * np.exp(-(x_shifted)**2 / (2 * sigma**2))

# Plot one below the other
fig, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 10))

ax1.hist(samples, bins=50, density=True, alpha=0.7, color='grey')
ax1.plot(x, pdf, color='blue', linewidth=2)
ax1.axvline(x=mu, color='red', linestyle='--', linewidth=2)
ax1.set_xlabel('x')
ax1.set_ylabel('Probability Density')
ax1.set_title('Normal Distribution Centered at {:.2f}'.format(mu))

ax2.hist(transformed_samples, bins=50, density=True, alpha=0.7, color='grey')
ax2.plot(x_shifted, transformed_pdf, color='blue', linewidth=2)
ax2.axvline(x=0, color='red', linestyle='--', linewidth=2)
ax2.set_xlabel('x')
ax2.set_ylabel('Probability Density')
ax2.set_title('Normal Distribution Centered at {:.2f}'.format(0))

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

This can be seen in the figure below.

DeltaMean

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